The figure of the duke in historical Spain not only evokes images of power, nobility, and greatness, but is also intertwined with the development and management of vast agricultural and livestock operations. For centuries, dukes played a crucial role in the economic organization of the country, influencing agriculture and livestock, and consequently, the daily lives of the townspeople. This article will explore the importance of these economic activities, as well as the historical and cultural context surrounding them.
The Nobility and Land Control
Starting from the Middle Ages, with the feudal system in full swing, the nobility, including dukes, became the main landowners in Spain. Dukes received territorial grants from monarchs, which gave them authority over extensive areas. In this context, cultivating the land and raising livestock were essential not only for family sustenance but also for maintaining social and political status.
The vast expanses of farmland were managed by peasants, who worked under a leasing system or, at times, as serfs. These farmers were responsible for producing the food that sustained the nobility and the general population. Dukes, in turn, benefited from the income generated by the sale of agricultural products, as well as from the tributes that peasants had to pay for the use of the land.
Diversification of Crops
Agricultural production on ducal estates saw notable diversification. During the 16th century, with the arrival of new crops from America, products such as corn, potatoes, tomatoes, and cacao were introduced, revolutionizing the Spanish diet and, consequently, the economy of these operations. Many dukes became pioneers in the adoption of these new crops,