The Enlightenment was a period in European history that spanned roughly from the late 17th century to the early 19th century, characterized by the rise of rational thought, criticism of tradition, and a strong push towards scientific knowledge and education. In Spain, this movement not only had repercussions in the intellectual realm, but also found unexpected allies in the nobility, particularly among the dukes, who promoted the dissemination of its ideas and the modernization of the country.
Historical Context: 18th Century Spain
The arrival of the 18th century consolidated significant changes in Spanish society. Although the Baroque had left its mark on literature, painting, and architecture, early in the new century new currents of thought emerged that questioned the power structures and religious dogmas that had dominated for centuries. The influence of French thinkers such as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu began to manifest among Spanish elites, creating a favorable climate for the development of Enlightenment thought.
The reign of Philip V, the first Bourbon king, marked the beginning of a series of reforms known as the Decretos de Nueva Planta, which aimed to centralize and modernize the Spanish government. This stage was the prelude to a century of transformations in which the nobility, especially the dukes, would play a crucial role.
The Role of the Dukes in the Enlightenment
Spanish dukes, figures of great power and influence, became patrons of culture and knowledge. Among them, the Dukes of Osuna, Alba, and Medinaceli stand out, as they not only owned vast estates but were also committed to social and cultural progress. In their palaces and estates, academies, libraries, and botanical gardens were established, which co